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Title: TV = THAT=20 TALKS BACK: AN EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF A PARASOCIAL = INTERACTION=20 SCALE , By: Auter, Philip J., Journal of = Broadcasting=20 & Electronic Media, 08838151, Spring92, Vol. 36, Issue=20 2
Database: Science & Technology = = Collection

Section:=20 PSYCHOMETRIC=20

TV THAT TALKS BACK: AN EXPERIMENTAL = VALIDATION OF A PARASOCIAL INTERACTION SCALE=20

Contents

Measuring=20

Media=20 Interaction Potential

Table=20 1 Mean PSI Scores By Selection of Favorite Character and = Treatment=20

References=20

Notes

This experiment was designed to assess = the=20 construct validity of the Rubin, Perse, and Powell (1985) = Parasocial=20 Interaction Scale. One group of subjects viewed a situation comedy = which=20 "breaks the fourth wall." The fourth wall is "broken" when = characters=20 recognize the existence of the audience by speaking directly to = them. A=20 second group viewed the same program with "breaks" edited out. = Respondents=20 then filled out an adapted version of the PSI Scale. As = hypothesized,=20 subjects viewing the more interactive programming scored = significantly=20 higher on the PSI Scale, thus supporting the case for construct = validity.=20

Parasocial interaction (PSI) has been = examined in a=20 number of different ways in the last 35 years, but always with the = emphasis exclusively on the audience. There has been speculation = about how=20 camera techniques, character "self disclosure," and other content=20 variables may increase PSI (Auter & = Moore,=20 1989; Horton & Wohl, 1956; Meyrowitz, 1986; Nordlund, 1978), = but no=20 empirical test has been performed to investigate how the = manipulation of=20 program content might affect an audience member's ability or = desire to=20 interact with program characters. This study does so, and in the = process=20 assesses the construct validity of one of the more popular survey = measures=20 of PSI.

First operationalized by Horton and Wohl = (1956),=20 parasocial interaction has been defined as an apparent = face-to-face=20 interaction between media characters and audience members. It is = similar=20 to an interpersonal social interaction or relationship, but = consists of a=20 much weaker bond. This relationship develops over time with = repeated=20 viewing of a television personality (Horton & Wohl). The = behavior of a=20 personality --or persona -- during each interaction event (e g., = program,=20 commercial, or talk show interview) helps the viewer to form an = opinion=20 about that persona, which the viewer then carries into the next = parasocial=20 event (Horton & Wohl; Perse & R. Rubin, 1989). As in = interpersonal=20 relationships, these opinions will color the viewer's feelings = about the=20 persona's current behavior and affect the parasocial relationship = with=20 that person (Alperstein, 1991). Although each media encounter will = foster=20 some degree of parasocial interaction, strong feelings about = characters=20 come only after an audience member has been exposed to a number of = parasocial encounters and thereby gains increased attributional = confidence=20 about the personality (Perse & R. Rubin, 1989).

PSI has been treated as a consequence of = a need or=20 motivational state in most research. Wenner (1985) hypothesized = that=20 parasocial interaction is one of many important gratifications = that=20 audience members seek when they select television shows to view. = McGuire=20 (1974) stated that audience identification and interaction with = media=20 characters and situations fulfills expressive and affiliation = needs.=20 Rosengren (1974) described a "consumption relationship" that = exists=20 between audience members and media programming during the media = use=20 experience: "Consumption relations may be exemplified by the = little boy=20 looking at a Western on TV, imagining himself right in the saddle = of the=20 hero, shooting down one rustler after another" (p. 278). During = this=20 relationship, the audience member's degree of involvement with one = or more=20 program characters can develop up to and beyond the parasocial = interaction=20 state. PSI has been shown to be an important gratification sought = and/or=20 obtained by television viewers (e.g., Palmgreen, Wenner, & = Rayburn,=20 1980, 1981; A. Rubin & Perse, 1987; A. Rubin, Perse, & = Powell,=20 1985). More recently, Conway and A. Rubin (1991) found that PSI = "may be=20 more important for viewing intent and expectations than a = program's=20 content" (p. 458). It would seem, therefore, that parasocial = interaction=20 has clearly been established as an important determinant of media = use and=20 an important concept to be studied from a uses and gratifications=20 perspective.

For this study, parasocial interaction = was=20 conceptualized as a one-sided interpersonal involvement of the = media user=20 with the program's characters. This is consistent with prior = research,=20 including the study which developed the PSI Scale under analysis = (A. Rubin=20 et al., 1985). This study focuses on the hypothesis that = parasocial=20 interaction can be increased by altering message structural = components and=20 personal behavior in order to "blur" the line between audience and = characters.

Measuring=20

Researchers have attempted to measure the = parasocial interaction level of audiences with a variety of = scales. A.=20 Rubin et al. (1985), however, developed what has become the most=20 frequently-used instrument. The original 20-item, 5-point, PSI = Scale=20 measures the degree to which audience members feel that they = "interact"=20 with their favorite television news persona. Factor analysis has = shown the=20 scale to be univariate. The scale was reduced to 10 items in a = study which=20 adapted it to look at PSI with soap opera characters (A. Rubin = &=20 Perse, 1987). The two versions of the Parasocial Interaction Scale = have=20 been used to study audiences of specific nonfiction programming = genres=20 such as news (Perse, 1990; A. Rubin et al., 1985), and -- in a = slightly=20 adapted form --television shopping shows (Grant, Guthrie, &=20 Ball-Rokeach, 1991). The 10-item PSI Scale has also been used to = study=20 fictional programming, specifically the soap opera genre (Perse = & A.=20 Rubin, 1988; Perse & R. Rubin, 1989; A. Rubin, & Perse, = 1987).=20 Favorite television personality across genres has also been = examined using=20 the two scales (Conway & A. Rubin, 1991; R. Rubin & = McHugh, 1987).=20 The scales have even been used in comparisons of mediated and=20 interpersonal relationships (Perse & R. Rubin, 1989; R. Rubin = &=20 McHugh, 1987). Previous parasocial interaction research has = focused only=20 on audience perceptions of a favorite persona. In other words, an = audience=20 member's predisposition to parasocially interact--a personality = trait--is=20 measured. What has not been examined, however, is how the = construction of=20 a message affects the degree to which an audience member chooses = to=20 parasocially interact.

Both the long (A. Rubin et al., 1985) and = short (A.=20 Rubin & Perse, 1987) versions of the PSI Scale have been shown = to be=20 reliable and internally valid. The scales have exhibited evidence = of=20 discriminability, a form of construct validation in which = correlations to=20 related constructs are shown (Kerlinger, 1986). The PSI Scales = have also=20 met the test of discriminability in research which has confirmed = the fact=20 that the scales are uncorrelated to certain constructs that are=20 theoretically unrelated to parasocial interaction. Further, = similar=20 results obtained with the scales in a variety of cross-sectional = survey=20 studies, utilizing different subject groups, offer evidence of=20 convergence, another important component of construct validity = (Kerlinger,=20 1986).

Zillmann (1985) has noted, however, that = although=20 survey research is a useful tool, the "validity of inference" from = subjects' perceptions of their media use to their actual media use = is=20 questionable. He points out that, although experimental research = has=20 limitations of its own, it allows the researcher to make = inferences about=20 subjects' behavior based on what they actually do in a controlled=20 situation, rather than what they claim they would do on a = self-report=20 measure. Zillmann argues that the integration of both = methodologies in=20 studying audience uses and gratifications would improve our = understanding=20 of the process. Therefore, in order to further test the construct = validity=20 of the A. Rubin et al. (1985) PSI Scale, subjects should be placed = in an=20 experimental setting in which one of the PSI-inducing = characteristics=20 suggested by Horton and Wohl (1956) can be manipulated. If PSI = Scale=20 scores appear to be related to manipulation of such a content = variable,=20 convergence will be further evidenced, as results from studies = using=20 different methodologies will have indicated the same meaning for = the=20 construct.

Media=20 Interaction Potential

Media messages can vary in their = "parasociability"=20 for a variety of reasons (Auter & = Moore,=20 1989; Horton & Wohl, 1956; Meyrowitz, 1986; Nordlund, 1978). = Nordlund=20 noted that different media channels and content vary in their = potential=20 for parasocial interaction. This potential is influenced by the = medium's=20 ability to approximate reality and content characteristics such as = the=20 dominance of lead figures as well as personae who regularly appear = in the=20 program or in other media contexts. Based on Nordlund's = definition,=20 television in general, and programming with recurring characters = in=20 particular, are higher in media interaction potential than other = media=20 messages.

Meyrowitz (1986) has suggested that = structural=20 variables within a given program, such as camera shots, can affect = audience parasocial relationships. Viewers interpret and react to = various=20 camera distances and shot compositions much the same way as people = react=20 to interpersonal distances and face-to-face interactions. Based on = interpersonal research in proxemics -- the spatial behavior = patterns of=20 individuals --Meyrowitz developed a model of para-proxemics, or = the=20 spatial relationships between various television characters and = the=20 viewer. He found that the variety of ways a persona can be framed = within a=20 shot suggests a number of different perceived distances to the = audience=20 member. The tighter the shot, the "closer" a persona appears to be = to the=20 viewer. Also, Meyrowitz reasoned that parasocial impressions can = be made=20 stronger when viewers are allowed to see a persona's "backstage = behavior."=20 By this, he meant the actions and/or knowledge which the persona = does not=20 reveal to the rest of the characters. Examples of this might be = allowing=20 viewers to see how a criminal commits a crime, or how the = detective solves=20 the crime. In this way, the audience member becomes a confidant of = the=20 persona.

The=20 Fourth Wall

In order to assess the differences in = parasocial=20 interaction, as measured by the A. Rubin et al. (1985) PSI Scale, = this=20 study provides an experiment that manipulates the degree of = intimacy=20 offered by a program character -- specifically, the technique of = "breaking=20 the fourth wall," or stepping out of character to address the = audience. In=20 television, like film and theater, plots typically unfold in a=20 "three-walled" environment. The fourth wall is the imaginary = barrier=20 separating characters from the audience.

Breaking the fourth wall would appear to = increase=20 the parasociability of a persona in a number of ways. First, a = persona who=20 breaks the fourth wall to chat directly with the audience would = strengthen=20 his or her role in the program, becoming more dominant through an=20 omniscient awareness of the other characters' interactions as well = as the=20 audience behind the "invisible wall." Strengthening this = character's lead=20 role would seem to increase the program's (as well as that = character's)=20 media interaction potential (Nordlund, 1978). Second, fourth wall = breaks=20 are often structurally designed to frame the persona addressing = the=20 audience at a much more intimate distance than the rest of the = program=20 cast. Moreover, the acknowledgment of the audience by this persona = is=20 perhaps the most extreme example of revealing backstage behavior. = Not only=20 does the persona reveal details about the character we might not = normally=20 see, he or she steps back a bit further and acknowledges that the = program=20 is merely a fiction. This ability to step into and out of the = drama allows=20 the persona to become a liaison between characters confined to the = drama=20 and the viewing audience. Because of this, the audience becomes = aligned=20 with this more intimate character, and the intensity of the = interaction=20 should be increased (Meyrowitz, 1986). Finally, as Horton and Wohl = (1956)=20 have noted, by directly addressing the audience and adjusting to = supposed=20 responses, the persona raises the level of intimacy with the = audience,=20 thus raising the interactivity level of the content=20 (Auter & Moore, 1989). Breaking the = fourth=20 wall, therefore, appears to embody a number of attributes which = should=20 represent increased parasociability of a program.

If the PSI Scale does accurately measure = the=20 concept of parasocial interaction, then a manipulation of such = content=20 should affect audience survey scores accordingly. Because comedy = has most=20 often been the genre to break the fourth wall, and because the = television=20 situation comedy provides a complete story from beginning to = resolution in=20 under 30 minutes, the TV sitcom was chosen as the program format = to study.=20 The following hypothesis was formed:

H: Audiences who view situation comedy = programming=20 higher in content interactivity will parasocially interact at a = higher=20 level than those who view less interactive sitcom programming. =

Method=20

An original 1950s episode of The George = Burns and=20 Gracie Allen Show was edited to provide the stimulus material for = the=20 experiment.[1]=20 The unedited 29-minute television program consisted of = approximately 17=20 minutes of plotted situation comedy, 5 minutes of George breaking = the=20 fourth wall, a 1 1/2-minute musical interlude between the show's = first and=20 second acts, and 5 1/2 minutes that consisted of a closing = commercial and=20 monologue.[2]=20

Two different versions of the program = were prepared=20 for this study. Points where George breaks the fourth wall were = edited out=20 of one version so that it would appear to be a standard situation = comedy.=20 Breaks were left in the other copy of the program. The musical = interlude,=20 and the closing commercial and monologue were edited out of both = tapes.=20 The two final copies of the program varied in length (23 vs. 17 = minutes).=20 Because it has been hypothesized that PSI mimics interpersonal=20 relationship development (Perse & R. Rubin, 1989; R. Rubin = &=20 McHugh, 1987), it was felt that viewing a complete story would = probably=20 foster PSI development better than clips taken out of context. = Therefore,=20 it was necessary to allow both groups to = view=20 the entire 17-minute storyline. Burns' chats with the audience did = not=20 directly relate to the program plot. It was felt that an = additional 6=20 minutes of screen time would not, in and of itself, significantly = affect=20 PSI scores.

Ninety-eight students from an = introductory=20 communications class were randomly divided into two groups. One = group (n =3D=20 48) was shown the low interaction version of the show, while the = other=20 group (n =3D 50) watched the high interaction tape. After watching = the tape,=20 students filled out a revised version of the A. Rubin et al. = (1985)=20 Parasocial Interaction Scale. The original 20-item scale was used = for this=20 analysis rather than the 10-item version because it was felt that = the=20 longer scale may be more sensitive to effects of the experimental=20 manipulation. The scale was adapted so that statements were about = the=20 respondents' favorite characters from the program they had just = watched,=20 rather than the program genre. Subjects responded to each = statement on a=20 5-point Likert-type scale that ranged from "strongly disagree" to=20 "strongly agree." Average audience PSI Scale scores were compared = across=20 breaking and non-breaking cells using a t-test.

Results=20

Responses to the 20 items on the A. Rubin = et al.=20 (1985) PSI Scale were summed and averaged. Reliability of the = scale under=20 experimental conditions was quite high, Cronbach's alpha for the = 20-item=20 scale was .81. Average PSI ratings for breaking and nonbreaking = cells were=20 compared using one-tailed t-test analysis.

When respondents were asked to name their = favorite=20 character in the show, 46 said George, 31 said Gracie and the rest = listed=20 other characters or no responses. Because the choice of character = should=20 influence a respondent's PSI score (especially when only one of = the=20 characters was shown breaking the fourth wall), character = selection=20 (George, Gracie) was crossed with treatment (low interaction tape, = high=20 interaction tape) in a 2x2 ANOVA design (see Table 1). Only the = main=20 effect for treatment was statistically significant.

Discussion=20

The results support the hypothesis that = PSI is=20 related to program content. PSI scores were higher among = respondents who=20 saw a more intimate program and the highest scores were among = respondents=20 who not only saw the more intimate program, but who also chose = George as=20 their favorite character. So breaking the fourth wall does make = viewers=20 feel a higher degree of parasocial interaction, especially when = that wall=20 is broken by their favorite character. But the difference in = characters=20 was not statistically significant. This preliminary experimental = work=20 appears to support the construct validity of the PSI Scale. The = results of=20 this research suggest that the construct measured by the A. Rubin = et al.=20 (1985) scale is indeed parasocial interaction.

The high alpha obtained by the A. Rubin = et al.=20 (1985) scale in this study suggests that it is reliable as a = measure of=20 parasocial interaction in the comedy genre. Still, an alpha of .81 = is=20 lower than in past studies utilizing the PSI Scale. This could be = due to=20 the forced-choice nature of this experiment. Because subjects were = not=20 afforded the opportunity to choose their own preferred media = personality,=20 but were instead asked to choose from a group of unfamiliar (or = less=20 familiar) personalities from a 1950s, black and white program, PSI = relationship development may have been limited. However, an alpha = of this=20 magnitude obtained under these limiting conditions suggests that = the PSI=20 Scale is a useful measure of parasocial interaction even with = television=20 characters with which viewers have no history.

A number of potential problems with this = study must=20 be addressed, however. It could be argued that approximately 6 = additional=20 minutes of programming -regardless of the Content Interactivity=20 Level--would significantly raise audience PSI levels. Although = research on=20 the effects of program length has not been performed, studies of = the=20 amount of time viewing TV in general suggest that these concerns = may be=20 unfounded. Webster and Wakshlag (1985) have described a phenomenon = known=20 as exposure inertia which posits that television viewers either = watch=20 almost none of a program (only brief segments while scanning the = channels)=20 or all of it. This suggests that variations in program length --=20 especially small amounts in actual minutes -- should not = significantly=20 affect the viewing experience. However, a more important factor=20 may be attention, and the research on = this=20 variable provides mixed conclusions. Kubey and Csikszentmihalyi = (1990)=20 have found that extended television viewing actually results in = decreased=20 concentration. But other research shows no correlation between the = time=20 spent in front of the television and the attention level of the = viewer=20 (Anderson, Lorch, Field, Collins, & Nathan, 1986). Attention = is=20 neither heightened nor lessened by longer viewing periods.

Future research should test for this = possible=20 relationship of parasocial interaction with both program length = and degree=20 of attention. Also, different types of programming should be = tested to=20 determine if the effect observed here with a situation comedy is=20 generalizable to other content types. And finally, a range of = viewers=20 (especially in the characteristic of age) should be tested. Are = older,=20 more experienced audiences better able to comprehend, enjoy, and = therefore=20 interact with content that breaks with convention? Or, are these = groups=20 "set in their ways" of viewing television and turned off by = programming=20 that goes against genre norms?

Despite the limitations of this study, = the results=20 indicate that content variables that contribute to content = interactivity=20 level affect audience parasocial interaction. The most important=20 conclusion to be drawn from this preliminary research is that the = A. Rubin=20 et al. (1985) PSI Scale does indeed measure what it was intended = to=20 measure. The parasocial interaction process appears, as Horton and = Wohl=20 (1956) have suggested, to be affected as much by message = attributes as by=20 audience members' predisposition to interact with television = characters.=20

Notes

1=20 The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show was chosen = because,=20 although sitcom-like in format, George Burns frequently stepped = out of=20 character (and out of the sets) to comment to the audience on the = behavior=20 of his wife, Gracie, or his neighbors, the Mortons. It was also = felt that=20 the college students participating in the study would recognize = Burns, but=20 not be familiar with the format of a show over 30 years old. At = the time=20 of the study It's Gary Shandling's Show was the only program being = aired=20 on network or cable TV that broke the fourth wall. It's Gary = Shandling's=20 Show was not used because it was essential to the study that = breaking=20 segments could be discreetly edited out. Because It's Gary = Shandling's=20 Show was constantly breaking the fourth wall, this would have been = impossible.

2=20 Like many shows of its day, there were no commercial = breaks=20 during the program, which was performed live. The sponsor's ads = were=20 imbedded into the actual storyline. Instead, a break from the = story that=20 consisted of a performance by a soloist occurred at the midpoint = of the=20 program. This was edited out of both videotapes because it did not = follow=20 any current sitcom formats and had nothing to do with the = episode's plot.=20

Table=20 1 Mean PSI Scores By Selection of Favorite Character and Treatment =

                           =
Favorite Characters
                       George            Gracie

Treatment       M      n      SD      M     n      SD

Breaks         3.32    25    .45    3.13    15    .45
No Breaks      2.90    21    .63    3.00    16    .45

                              Analysis of Variance
                         df      MS        F          p

Treatment Effect         1      1.73      6.76      .011
Character Effect         1       .04       .14      .708
Two-Way Interaction      1       .38      1.47      .229

References=20

Alperstein, N.M. (1991). Imaginary social = relationships with celebrities appearing in television = commercials.=20 Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 35, 43-58.

Anderson, D. R., Lorch, E. P., Field, D. = E.,=20 Collins, P. A., & Nathan, J. G. (1986). Television viewing at = home:=20 Age trends in visual attention and time with TV. Child = Development, 57,=20 1024-1033.

Auter, P. J., = &=20 Davis, D. M. (1991). When characters speak directly to viewers: = Breaking=20 the fourth wall in television. Journalism Quarterly, 68, 165-171. =

Auter, P. J., = &=20 Moore, R. L. (1989,August). A content analysis of the Fashion = Channel and=20 the Quality Value Convenience Network as a low interaction and a = high=20 interaction teleshopping experience. Paper presented at the = Association=20 for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication Convention, = Washington,=20 D.C.

Conway, J. C., & Rubin, A.M. (1991).=20 Psychological predictors of television viewing motivation. = Communication=20 Research, 18, 443-463.

Grant, A., Guthrie, K., & = Ball-Rokeach, S. J.=20 (1991). Television shopping: A media dependency perspective. = Communication=20 Research, 18, 773-798.

Horton, D., & Wohl, R. R. (1956). = Mass=20 communication and para-social interaction. Psychiatry, 19, = 215-229.

Kerlinger, F. (1986). Foundations of = behavioral=20 research (3rd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.

Kubey, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. = (1990).=20 Television and the quality of life: How viewing shapes everyday=20 experience. Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.

Meyrowitz, J. (1986). Television and = interpersonal=20 behavior: Codes of perception and response. In G. Gumpert & R. = Cathcart (Eds.), Inter/media: Interpersonal communication in a = media world=20 (3rd ed.) (pp. 253-272). New York: Oxford University Press.

Nordlund, J. (1978). Media interaction.=20 Communication Research, 5, 150-1 75.

Palmgreen, P., Wenner, L. A., & = Rayburn, J. D.=20 II. (1980). Relations between gratifications sought and obtained: = A study=20 of television news. Communication Research, 7, 161-192.

Palmgreen, P., Wenner, L. A., & = Rayburn, J. D.=20 II. (1981). Gratification discrepancies and news program choice.=20 Communication Research, 8, 451-478.

Perse, E. M. (1990). Media involvement = and local=20 news effects. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 34, = 17-36.=20

Perse, E. M., & Rubin, A.M. (1988). = Audience=20 activity and satisfaction with favorite television soap opera. = Journalism=20 Quarterly, 68, 368-375.

Perse, E. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1989).=20 Attribution in social and parasocial relationships. Communication=20 Research, 16, 59-77.

Rosengren, K. E. (1974). Uses and = gratifications: A=20 paradigm outlined. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses = of mass=20 communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research = (pp.=20 269-286). Beverly Hills: Sage.

Rubin, A.M., & Perse E. M. (1987). = Audience=20 activity and soap opera involvement: A uses and effects = investigation.=20 Human Communication Research, 14, 246-268.

Rubin, A.M., Perse, E. M., & Powell, = R. A.=20 (1985). Loneliness, parasocial interaction, and local television = news=20 viewing. Human Communication Research, 12, 155-180.

Rubin, R. B., & McHugh, M.P. (1987).=20 Development of parasocial interaction relationships. Journal of=20 Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 31, 279-292.

Webster, J. G., & Wakshlag, J. = (1985).=20 Measuring exposure to television. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant = (Eds.),=20 Selective exposure to communication (pp. 35-62). Hillsdale, NJ: = Erlbaum.=20

Wenner, L. A. (1985). The nature of news=20 gratifications. In K. E. Rosengren, L. A. Wenner, & P. = Palmgreen=20 (Eds.), Media gratification research: Current perspectives (pp. = 171-194).=20 Beverly Hills: Sage.

Zillmann, D. (1985). The experimental = exploration=20 of gratifications from media entertainment. In K. E. Rosengren, L. = A.=20 Wenner, & P. Palmgreen (Eds.), Media gratification research: = Current=20 perspectives (pp. 225-239). Beverly Hills: Sage.

~~~~~~~~

By Philip J. = Auter

Philip J. Auter = (M.A.,=20 University of Georgia, 1987) is a Ph.D. candidate in the College = of=20 Communications at the University of Kentucky. His research = interests=20 include uses and gratifications and media effects. An earlier = version of=20 this manuscript was presented at the Speech Communication = Association=20 Convention, Chicago, 1990. The author thanks the three anonymous = reviewers=20 for their invaluable suggestions. This manuscript was accepted for = publication December 1991.

Copyright of Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic = Media is the property of = Lawrence=20 Erlbaum Associates. The copyright in an individual article = may be=20 maintained by the author in certain cases. Content may not = be copied=20 or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without = the=20 copyright holder's express written permission. However, = users may=20 print, download, or email articles for individual=20 use.
Source: = Journal of Broadcasting & = Electronic Media,=20 Spring92, Vol. 36 Issue 2, p173, 9p
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#cccccc } TABLE.GreenBorder { BORDER-RIGHT: #009966 thin solid; BORDER-TOP: #009966 thin solid; = BORDER-LEFT: #009966 thin solid; BORDER-BOTTOM: #009966 thin solid; = BORDER-COLLAPSE: collapse } .text-bold { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .medium-bold { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .medium-bold-italic { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13px; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .text-bold-italic { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .text-normal { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 13px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .medium-normal { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 13px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .medium-normal-red { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #ff0000; FONT-STYLE: = normal; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .medium-normal-italic { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 13px; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .text-large-italic { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .large-normal-red { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 16px; COLOR: #ff0000; FONT-STYLE: = normal; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .text-normal-italic { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .letter-bold { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 25px; COLOR: #009966; FONT-STYLE: normal; = FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .error-bold-italic { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12px; COLOR: #ff0000; FONT-STYLE: italic; = FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .text-normal-underline { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .text-normal-small { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .text-normal-small-italic { FONT-WEIGHT: normal; FONT-SIZE: 11px; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .text-bold-small { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .text-bold-underline { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; TEXT-DECORATION: underline } .title-bold-large { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 16px; COLOR: black; FONT-STYLE: normal; = FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .title-bold-medium { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: black; FONT-STYLE: normal; = FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .link-small-bold { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 11px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .errort-bold { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12px; COLOR: #ff0000; FONT-STYLE: normal; = FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .title-bold-large-italic { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 16px; COLOR: black; FONT-STYLE: italic; = FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .title-bold-medium-italic { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: black; FONT-STYLE: italic; = FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .title-xlarge-bold { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 18px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } .title-xlarge-normal { FONT-SIZE: 18px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .text-small { FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } .error-text-small { FONT-SIZE: 12px; COLOR: #cc0000; FONT-STYLE: normal; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .text-bold-big { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 17px; FONT-STYLE: normal } .small-bold { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } .small-normal { FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .small-bold-italic { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: = Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .small-normal-italic { FONT-SIZE: 12px; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, = sans-serif } .sidebar { BORDER-RIGHT: #006666 1pt solid; PADDING-RIGHT: 10pt; BORDER-TOP: = #006666 1pt solid; PADDING-LEFT: 10pt; PADDING-BOTTOM: 4pt; MARGIN: 5pt; = BORDER-LEFT: #006666 1pt solid; WIDTH: 98%; PADDING-TOP: 4pt; = BORDER-BOTTOM: #006666 1pt solid; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #fffff0 } .ct { FONT-SIZE: 13px } .tiny-normal { FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .GreenBorder { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #009966 } .shaded { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f7f7f7 } .BigBoldBlue { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1.5em; COLOR: #0000ff } .AlertBoldBrown { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; COLOR: #663300 } .AlertBoldBrown-large { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1.5em; COLOR: #663300 } TD.DelEmailFieldLabels { VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; WIDTH: 25%; TEXT-ALIGN: right } TD.DelEmailFieldLabels_Narrow { VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; WIDTH: 15%; TEXT-ALIGN: right } TD.DeliveryGroupGrey { WIDTH: 45%; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f2f2f2 } TD.DeliveryWhite { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } TD.DelOptionCell { VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; WIDTH: 1% } INPUT.EmailTextBox { WIDTH: 300px } HR.DeliverySeparator { WIDTH: 95% } .medium-bold-red { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #ff0000; FONT-STYLE: normal; = FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .blue { COLOR: #0000ff } .bold { FONT-WEIGHT: bold } TEXTAREA.EmailComments { WIDTH: 300px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif } .bg-white { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff } .bg-light-gray-3 { BACKGROUND-COLOR: #f2f2f2 } #marcInfo-table { BORDER-RIGHT: #ffffff 0px; BORDER-TOP: #ffffff 0px; BORDER-LEFT: = #ffffff 0px; WIDTH: 100%; BORDER-BOTTOM: #ffffff 0px } .marcInfo-table-header { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 1.3em; VERTICAL-ALIGN: middle; = FONT-FAMILY: Arial; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #e8edf4; TEXT-ALIGN: center } .marcInfo-table-content-tag { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; WIDTH: 20px } .marcInfo-table-content-indicator { FONT-WEIGHT: bold; VERTICAL-ALIGN: top; WIDTH: 20px } .marcInfo-table-content-data { VERTICAL-ALIGN: top } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6B018.BB158050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://biere.louisiana.edu:2070/bllimages/script/mainFunctions.js if(lngFolderCount =3D=3D "") lngFolderCount =3D 0; else lngFolderCount =3D parseInt(lngFolderCount); function change_language(strURL, strLanguage) { strURL +=3D "&lang=3D" + strLanguage; parent.location.href =3D strURL; } function ReloadToolbar(strDbs) { if (parent.frames.length > 0) { = parent.frames[0].location.href=3D"toolbar.asp"+"?dbs=3D"+strDbs+"&tb=3D0"= ; }=09 } =09 function openprintSearchHistory(strURLParam) { var wWidth =3D (screen.width - 250); var wHeight =3D (screen.height - 250); var wLeft =3D ((screen.width - wWidth)/2); var wTop =3D ((screen.height - wHeight)/2)-50; =20 var PrintSHWin =3D = window.open("printsearchHistory.asp"+strURLParam+"tb=3D0", = "PrintHistory", = "toolbar=3D1,location=3D0,directories=3D0,status=3D0,menubar=3D1,scrollba= rs=3Dyes,resizable=3Dno,top=3D"+wTop+",left=3D"+wLeft+",width=3D"+wWidth+= ",height=3D"+wHeight); if(IsPopUpSupportFocus()) PrintSHWin.focus(); } function openFieldCodes(params) { var popupWin =3D window.open("FieldCodes.asp?" + params, "FieldCodes", = "status=3Dno,top=3D90,left=3D300,width=3D350,height=3D370,menubar=3D1,scr= ollbars=3Dyes,resizable=3Dyes"); if(IsPopUpSupportFocus()) popupWin.focus(); } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6B018.BB158050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://biere.louisiana.edu:2070/bllimages/script/browserUtil.js function GetBrowserName() { var strBa =3D navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase(); var strBn =3D navigator.appName.toLowerCase(); if(strBa.indexOf("opera") !=3D -1) return("opera"); else if(strBn.indexOf("hotjava") !=3D -1) return("hotjava"); else if(strBn.indexOf("explorer") !=3D -1) return("explorer"); else if(strBn.indexOf("netscape") !=3D -1) return("netscape"); else if(strBa.indexOf("aol") !=3D -1) return("aol"); else return(""); } function GetBrowserVersion() { var strBa =3D navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase(); var strBn =3D GetBrowserName(); var intBv =3D parseInt(navigator.appVersion); if(strBn =3D=3D "opera") { if(strBa.indexOf("opera 3") !=3D -1 || strBa.indexOf("opera/3") !=3D = -1) return("3"); else if(strBa.indexOf("opera 4") !=3D -1 || strBa.indexOf("opera/4") = !=3D -1) return("4"); else if(strBa.indexOf("opera 5") !=3D -1 || strBa.indexOf("opera/5") = !=3D -1) return("5"); else if(strBa.indexOf("opera 6") !=3D -1 || strBa.indexOf("opera/6") = !=3D -1) return("6"); else return("0"); } else if(strBn =3D=3D "hotjava") { if(intBv =3D=3D 3) return("3"); else if(intBv =3D=3D 4) return("4"); else if(intBv =3D=3D 5) return("5"); else return("0"); } else if(strBn =3D=3D "explorer") { if(intBv =3D=3D 2) return("3"); else if(strBa.indexOf('msie 4') !=3D -1) return("4"); else if(strBa.indexOf('msie 5.0') !=3D -1) return("5.0"); else if(strBa.indexOf('msie 5.5') !=3D -1) return("5.5"); else if(strBa.indexOf('msie 6') !=3D -1) return("6"); else return("0"); } else if(strBn =3D=3D "netscape") { if(intBv =3D=3D 3) return("3"); else if(intBv =3D=3D 4) return("4"); else if(intBv =3D=3D 5) return("6"); else return("0"); } else if(strBn =3D=3D "aol") { if(strBa.indexOf('aol 3') !=3D -1) return("3"); else if(strBa.indexOf('aol 4') !=3D -1) return("4"); else if(strBa.indexOf('aol 5') !=3D -1) return("5"); else if(strBa.indexOf('aol 6') !=3D -1) return("6"); else if(strBa.indexOf('aol 7') !=3D -1) return("7"); else return("0"); } else { return("0"); } } function GetBrowserServicePack() { var strBn =3D GetBrowserName(); var strBsp =3D "0"; if(strBn =3D=3D "explorer") { strBsp =3D navigator.appMinorVersion.toUpperCase();=09 if(strBsp.length > 0)=20 { if(strBsp.indexOf(";") !=3D -1) { var arrSP =3D strBsp.split(";"); if (arrSP.length > 0) strBsp =3D arrSP[1]; } } else { strBsp =3D "0"; } } return(strBsp); } function IsPopUpSupportFocus() { var intBv =3D GetBrowserVersion(); var strBn =3D GetBrowserName(); var strBsp =3D GetBrowserServicePack(); =09 if(strBn =3D=3D "explorer") { if(!(intBv =3D=3D "5.0" && strBsp =3D=3D "SP2") && !(intBv =3D=3D = "4")) return(true); else return(false); } else { return(true); } } function IsReplaceRequired() { var strBn =3D GetBrowserName(); var strBv =3D navigator.appVersion.substring(0,4); if(strBn =3D=3D "netscape") { if(strBv =3D=3D "4.08") return(true); else return(false); } else { return(false); } } function GetLayer(strName) { if (document.all) return(document.all(strName)); else if (document.layers) return(document.layers[strName]); else if (document.getElementById) return(document.getElementById(strName)); else return(false); } function WriteToLayer(strLayerName, strTip) { var objLayer =3D GetLayer(strLayerName); if(objLayer) { if(document.layers) { objLayer.document.open(); =09 objLayer.document.write(strTip); objLayer.document.close(); } else { if (!(GetBrowserName() =3D=3D "explorer" && GetBrowserVersion() = =3D=3D "4")) objLayer.innerHTML =3D strTip; } } } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6B018.BB158050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://biere.louisiana.edu:2070/bllimages/script/updateFolder.js var imgFolderOn =3D "folderon.gif"; var imgFolderOff =3D "folderoff.gif"; var imgSmallFolderOn =3D "foldersmallon.gif"; var imgSmallFolderOff =3D "foldersmalloff.gif"; var imgFolderAddAll =3D "folderaddall.gif"; var imgFolderRemoveAll =3D "folderremoveall.gif"; var blnSubmit =3D false; var blnUpdateFolder =3D false; function PageSubmit(strType, strValue) { blnSubmit =3D true; var strAddItems =3D ""; var strRemoveItems =3D ""; var lngPageImages =3D document.images.length; var lngCheckBoxCount =3D 0; =09 for(var i=3D0;i0) { if(i =3D=3D lngPageImages-1) strAddItems +=3D document.images[i].name; else strAddItems +=3D document.images[i].name + ","; } else if(document.images[i].src.indexOf(imgFolderOff)>0) { if(i =3D=3D lngPageImages-1) strRemoveItems +=3D document.images[i].name; else strRemoveItems +=3D document.images[i].name + ","; } } lngCheckBoxCount =3D SaveRelatedRecordsCheckBoxes() =09 if(strType =3D=3D "form_input") { document.frmSearchBrowseResults.formitem.value =3D strValue; strValue =3D ""; } =09 =09 if(document.all && window.event) window.event.returnValue =3D false; =09 if((strAddItems !=3D "" || strRemoveItems !=3D "" || lngCheckBoxCount > = 0) && blnUpdateFolder) { =09 if(strType =3D=3D "win_popup" && strValue !=3D "") { window.open(strValue,"_blank",""); } else { if(strValue =3D=3D "") document.frmSearchBrowseResults.pg.value =3D = document.frmSearchBrowseResults.action; else document.frmSearchBrowseResults.pg.value =3D strValue; =09 =09 document.frmSearchBrowseResults.afi.value =3D strAddItems; document.frmSearchBrowseResults.rfi.value =3D strRemoveItems; =09 if(strValue !=3D "") { document.frmSearchBrowseResults.action =3D "UpdateFolder.asp"; } =09 document.frmSearchBrowseResults.submit(); }=09 }=09 else if(strType =3D=3D "win_popup") { window.open(strValue,"_blank",""); } else { if(strValue =3D=3D "") { document.frmSearchBrowseResults.submit(); } else { =09 var blnExtFrame =3D = (self.window.location.toString().toLowerCase().indexOf("externalframe") = > 0); if ((strType =3D=3D "nestedext_frame") || blnExtFrame) { if(typeof(parent.window) =3D=3D "object") { if(parent.window.frames.length > 0) { if(parent.window.frames[0].name =3D=3D "ebscoheader") { if(IsReplaceRequired()) parent.window.location.replace(strValue); else parent.window.location =3D strValue; return(false); =09 } } } } if(IsReplaceRequired()) self.window.location.replace(strValue); else self.window.location =3D strValue; } } return(false); } function SwapFolderIcon( folderCount, blnUserPersonalized ) { var lngPageImages =3D document.images.length; var strImageSrc =3D ""; =09 for( var i =3D 0; i < lngPageImages; i++ ) { if( document.images[i].name =3D=3D "dyna_folder" ) { strImageSrc =3D document.images[i].src.toLowerCase(); if ( folderCount > 0 || ( blnUserPersonalized && blnFolderHasItems = =3D=3D "Y" ) ) { if( strImageSrc.indexOf( imgSmallFolderOff ) > 0 ) { strImageSrc =3D strImageSrc.replace( imgSmallFolderOff, = imgSmallFolderOn ); document.images[i].src =3D strImageSrc; } } else { if( strImageSrc.indexOf( imgSmallFolderOn ) > 0 ) { strImageSrc =3D strImageSrc.replace( imgSmallFolderOn, = imgSmallFolderOff ); document.images[i].src =3D strImageSrc; } } =09 } } } function SetFolderCount(folderCount, blnUserPersonalized) { if(document.layers) { var strFolderText =3D ""; var tmpFolderString =3D '' tmpFolderString +=3D ' $3D\"'$ 0 || (blnUserPersonalized && blnFolderHasItems = =3D=3D "Y")) { tmpFolderString +=3D ' src=3D\"' + folderImagePath + = 'folderLargeOn.gif\"'; strFolderText =3D folderHasItems; } else { tmpFolderString +=3D ' src=3D\"' + folderImagePath + = 'folderLargeOff.gif\"'; strFolderText =3D folderIsEmpty; } =09 tmpFolderString +=3D '>'; tmpFolderString +=3D '' + strFolderText + ''; = document.layers['folderItemsLayer'].document.layers['folderItemsDiv'].doc= ument.write('

'+tmpFolderString+'

'); document.layers['folderItemsLayer'].document.close(); =09 } else if (!(GetBrowserName() =3D=3D "explorer" && GetBrowserVersion() = =3D=3D "4"))=20 { var countElement =3D document.getElementById("folderItemsLink"); =09 if (countElement) { var strFolderText =3D ""; var containsImg =3D document.images["folderItems"]; var strFolderContainsSrc =3D containsImg.src; var strImageBase =3D strFolderContainsSrc.substring(0, = strFolderContainsSrc.indexOf("folderLarge"));=09 =09 if (folderCount > 0 || (blnUserPersonalized && blnFolderHasItems = =3D=3D "Y")) { containsImg.src =3D strImageBase + "folderLargeOn.gif"; strFolderText =3D folderHasItems; } else { containsImg.src =3D strImageBase + "folderLargeOff.gif"; strFolderText =3D folderIsEmpty; } =09 countElement.innerHTML =3D strFolderText; } } } function SaveRelatedRecordsCheckBoxes() { var rrlength =3D 0; var strAdd =3D ""; var strRemove =3D ""; var frmlength =3D document.forms.length; if (frmlength > 1)=20 { for (var ix=3D0; ix 0 ) { if (typeof(frm.rr0) !=3D "undefined") { blnUpdateFolder =3D true; for ( var x=3D0; x lngMaxResultsBW) { alert(theMessage); } } function displayPersistentLink( objDiv1, objDiv2 ) { if ( document.layers ) { if ( document.layers[objDiv1].document.layers[objDiv2].visibility = =3D=3D 'show' ) { document.layers[objDiv1].document.layers[objDiv2].visibility =3D = 'hide'; document.layers[objDiv1].visibility =3D 'hide'; } else { document.layers[objDiv1].document.layers[objDiv2].visibility =3D = 'show'; document.layers[objDiv1].visibility =3D 'show'; } } else if( document.all ) { if ( document.all(objDiv1).style.display =3D=3D 'block' ) document.all(objDiv1).style.display =3D 'none'; else document.all(objDiv1).style.display =3D 'block'; } else if( document.getElementById ) { if ( document.getElementById(objDiv1).style.display =3D=3D 'block' ) document.getElementById(objDiv1).style.display =3D 'none'; else document.getElementById(objDiv1).style.display =3D 'block'; } return false; =09 } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6B018.BB158050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://biere.louisiana.edu:2070/bllimages/script/popupWin.js function openTip(tip)=20 { var TipWin =3D window.open(tip, "searchtip", = "status=3Dno,width=3D800,height=3D480,resizable=3Dyes,scrollbars=3Dyes");= if(IsPopUpSupportFocus()) TipWin.focus(); } function ShowILSLink(strUrl,strWindowName,strParams) { if (strParams.length =3D=3D 0) strParams =3D ""; if (strWindowName.length =3D=3D 0) strWindowName =3D ""; var ILsWin =3D window.open(strUrl,strWindowName,strParams); if(IsPopUpSupportFocus()) ILsWin.focus(); if(document.all && window.event){ window.event.returnValue =3D false; } return(false); } =09 function openQualScope(params) { var popupWin =3D window.open("authMeshQualifier.asp?" + params, = "Qualifier", = "status=3Dno,top=3D90,left=3D300,width=3D450,height=3D225,menubar=3D1,scr= ollbars=3Dyes,resizable=3Dyes"); if(IsPopUpSupportFocus()) popupWin.focus(); } function OpenBrowseList(params, strPsID) { document.frmSearchBrowseResults.rf.value=3DstrPsID; document.frmSearchBrowseResults.submit(); var popupWin =3D window.open(params ,"indexlist", = "top=3D90,left=3D300,width=3D450,height=3D545,toolbar=3Dno,location=3Dno,= directories=3Dno,status=3Dno,menubar=3Dno,scrollbars=3Dyes,resizable=3Dno= "); if(IsPopUpSupportFocus()) popupWin.focus(); =09 return(false); } function IndexListPostToMain(theIndexListID) { = window.opener.document.frmSearchBrowseResults.ps.value=3DtheIndexListID; window.opener.document.frmSearchBrowseResults.submit(); self.close(); if (window.opener.document.frmSearchBrowseResults.focus!=3Dnull) window.opener.document.frmSearchBrowseResults.focus(); } function OpenPDF( theUrl, theWindowName ) { var popupWin =3D window.open( theUrl ,theWindowName, = "top=3D40,left=3D100,width=3D750,height=3D800,toolbar=3Dno,location=3Dno,= directories=3Dno,status=3Dno,menubar=3Dno,scrollbars=3Dyes,resizable=3Dye= s"); if(IsPopUpSupportFocus()) {popupWin.focus();} return(false); } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6B018.BB158050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://biere.louisiana.edu:2070/bllimages/script/KeyEvent.js if(document.layers) { document.captureEvents(Event.KEYPRESS);=20 document.onkeypress =3D whichKey; } var keyCode =3D 0; function whichKey(e) {=09 if(document.layers) { keyCode =3D e.which;=20 } else { keyCode =3D e; }=09 if(typeof(blnUpdateFolder) =3D=3D "undefined") blnUpdateFolder =3D false; =09 if(keyCode =3D=3D 13 && !blnUpdateFolder) { if(document.all) event.returnValue =3D false; if(typeof(document.frmSearchBrowseResults.keysel) !=3D "undefined") document.frmSearchBrowseResults.keysel.value =3D "true"; document.frmSearchBrowseResults.submit(); } } var strSearchBox =3D ""; function lostFocus() { strSearchBox =3D ""; } function gotFocus(objElement) { if(objElement.id !=3D "") strSearchBox =3D objElement.id; else=20 strSearchBox =3D objElement.name; } function lostAuthFocus() { strSearchBox =3D ""; if(typeof(document.frmSearchBrowseResults.activeSearchBox) !=3D = "undefined") { document.frmSearchBrowseResults.activeSearchBox.value =3D ""; } } function gotAuthFocus(objElement) { if(objElement.id !=3D "") strSearchBox =3D objElement.id; else=20 strSearchBox =3D objElement.name; if(typeof(document.frmSearchBrowseResults.activeSearchBox) !=3D = "undefined") { document.frmSearchBrowseResults.activeSearchBox.value =3D = strSearchBox; } } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6B018.BB158050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://biere.louisiana.edu:2070/bllimages/script/authFunctions.js function submitLink( theStrLinkTarget, theStrLinkType, theStrTag, = theStrLinkTerm, theLngResultID ) { document.frmSearchBrowseResults.ltarg.value =3D theStrLinkTarget; document.frmSearchBrowseResults.ltype.value =3D theStrLinkType; if ( theStrLinkTerm !=3D null && theStrLinkTerm !=3D '' ) { if ( theStrTag =3D=3D '' ) document.frmSearchBrowseResults.lterm.value =3D theStrLinkTerm; else document.frmSearchBrowseResults.lterm.value =3D theStrTag + " \"" + = theStrLinkTerm + "\""; } document.frmSearchBrowseResults.dpos.value =3D theLngResultID; document.frmSearchBrowseResults.submit();=09 return false; } function submitForm(strLinkType, strTerm, strPosition) { document.frmSearchBrowseResults.linktype.value =3DstrLinkType; if (strLinkType =3D=3D 'search') =09 document.frmSearchBrowseResults.ss.value =3D strTerm; else if (strLinkType =3D=3D 'browsedetails' || strLinkType =3D=3D = 'browse' ) { if ( document.frmSearchBrowseResults.so ) document.frmSearchBrowseResults.so.value =3DstrTerm;=09 document.frmSearchBrowseResults.sd.value =3DstrTerm; } =09 else document.frmSearchBrowseResults.sd.value =3DstrTerm; =09 if (strPosition !=3D '') document.frmSearchBrowseResults.dpos.value =3DstrPosition; document.frmSearchBrowseResults.submit();=09 } function clearAllQualifiers(lngQualActualCount) { if (lngQualActualCount > 1) =09 { var lngQualCount =3D document.frmSearchBrowseResults.qualifier.length; for (var i=3D0; i < lngQualCount;i++) { document.frmSearchBrowseResults.qualifier[i].checked=3D""; } } else { document.frmSearchBrowseResults.qualifier.checked=3D""; } } =09 function explodeChecked(lngPosition) { var strCheckExplodeStatus =3D = eval("document.frmSearchBrowseResults.e_"+lngPosition+".checked") if (strCheckExplodeStatus) { = eval("document.frmSearchBrowseResults.s_"+lngPosition+".checked=3Dtrue") }=09 } function focusChecked(lngPosition) { var strCheckFocusStatus =3D = eval("document.frmSearchBrowseResults.f_"+lngPosition+".checked") if (strCheckFocusStatus) { = eval("document.frmSearchBrowseResults.s_"+lngPosition+".checked=3Dtrue") } } function selectChecked(lngPosition, strHasExplode, strHasFocus) { var strCheckSelectStatus =3D = eval("document.frmSearchBrowseResults.s_"+lngPosition+".checked") if (!strCheckSelectStatus) { if (strHasFocus =3D=3D "Y") = eval("document.frmSearchBrowseResults.f_"+lngPosition+".checked=3Dfalse")= if (strHasExplode =3D=3D "Y") = eval("document.frmSearchBrowseResults.e_"+lngPosition+".checked=3Dfalse")= } } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6B018.BB158050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://biere.louisiana.edu:2070/bllimages/script/queryBuilder.js =20 function getSearchHistSearchExpr() { var frm, element, x; frm =3D document.frmSearchBrowseResults; var arrNewSearchExpr =3D new Array(); x =3D 0; for ( var i=3D0; i < frm.elements.length; i++ ) { element =3D frm.elements[i]; if ( element.type =3D=3D "checkbox" && element.name =3D=3D "shi" && = element.checked && element.value !=3D '' ) { arrNewSearchExpr[x++] =3D element.value; } } if (x > 0) { var objFindBox; if ( frm.ss0 ) objFindBox =3D frm.ss0; else objFindBox =3D frm.ss; =09 if (objFindBox) { =09 var shOldSearch =3D objFindBox.value; var shBoolOp =3D frm.sho.options[frm.sho.selectedIndex].value; var shResultSearch; if (x =3D=3D 1) { shResultSearch =3D buildSearchExpression ( shOldSearch, = arrNewSearchExpr, shBoolOp, shBoolOp ); } else { shResultSearch =3D buildSearchExpression ( shOldSearch, = arrNewSearchExpr, "AND", shBoolOp ); } if ( shResultSearch !=3D '' )=20 updateFindBox( shResultSearch, objFindBox ); =09 } } =09 for ( i=3D0; i < frm.elements.length; i++ ) { element =3D frm.elements[i]; if ( element.type =3D=3D "checkbox" && element.name =3D=3D "shi" ) { element.checked =3D false; } } =09 return false; } function buildSearchExpression( strOriginalSearch, arrNewSearchTerms, = strOperatorForOriginal, strOperatorForNew ) { var strNewSearch, strNewTerm, strAllSearch; =09 if ( isBlank( strOriginalSearch ) ) strOriginalSearch =3D ''; =09 strNewSearch =3D arrNewSearchTerms[0]; =09 for ( var i=3D1; i < arrNewSearchTerms.length; i++ ) { strNewSearch =3D strNewSearch + " " + strOperatorForNew + " " + = arrNewSearchTerms[i]; } =09 if ( strNewSearch !=3D '' ) { if ( strOriginalSearch !=3D '' ) { strAllSearch =3D "(" + strOriginalSearch + ") "; strAllSearch +=3D strOperatorForOriginal + " (" + strNewSearch + ")" } else { strAllSearch =3D strNewSearch; } } return strAllSearch; } function isBlank( s ) { for( var i =3D 0; i < s.length; i++ ) { var c =3D s.charAt( i ); if ( (c !=3D ' ') && (c !=3D '\n') && (c !=3D '\t') ) return false; } return true; } function updateFindBox( strSearchString, objFindBox ) { =09 objFindBox.value =3D strSearchString; =09 } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6B018.BB158050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://biere.louisiana.edu:2070/bllimages/script/addToFolder.js function AddOneRec(objImg, blnUserPersonalized) { blnUpdateFolder =3D true; var objImg =3D document.images[objImg]; if(objImg) { if(objImg.src.indexOf(imgFolderOn)>0) { objImg.src =3D strImagePath + imgFolderOff; lngFolderCount --; } else { if (lngFolderCount < lngMaxResultsBW) { objImg.src =3D strImagePath + imgFolderOn; lngFolderCount ++; } else { MaxResultsAlert(); } } } SwapFolderIcon( lngFolderCount, blnUserPersonalized ); SetFolderCount( lngFolderCount, blnUserPersonalized ); var strAddItems =3D ""; var strRemoveItems =3D ""; var lngPageImages =3D document.images.length; for(var i=3D0;i0) { if(i =3D=3D lngPageImages-1) strAddItems +=3D document.images[i].name; else strAddItems +=3D document.images[i].name + ","; } else if(document.images[i].src.indexOf(imgFolderOff)>0) { if(i =3D=3D lngPageImages-1) strRemoveItems +=3D document.images[i].name; else strRemoveItems +=3D document.images[i].name + ","; } } if(document.frmSearchBrowseResults.afi) document.frmSearchBrowseResults.afi.value =3D strAddItems; if(document.frmSearchBrowseResults.rfi) document.frmSearchBrowseResults.rfi.value =3D strRemoveItems; } function AddAllRec(objImg, blnUserPersonalized) { blnUpdateFolder =3D true; var objImg =3D document.images[objImg]; var lngPageImages =3D document.images.length; =09 if(objImg) { if(objImg.src.indexOf(imgFolderAddAll)>0) { for(var i=3D0;i0) { if (lngFolderCount < lngMaxResultsBW) { document.images[i].src =3D strImagePath + imgFolderOn; lngFolderCount ++; } else { MaxResultsAlert(); break; } } } if (lngFolderCount=3D=3D0) lngFolderCount++; } else { for(var i=3D0;i0) { document.images[i].src =3D strImagePath + imgFolderOff; lngFolderCount --; } } } } SwapFolderIcon( lngFolderCount, blnUserPersonalized ); SetFolderCount( lngFolderCount, blnUserPersonalized ); var strAddItems =3D ""; var lngPageImages =3D document.images.length; for(var i=3D0;i0 || = document.images[i].src.indexOf(imgFolderOff)>0) { if(i =3D=3D lngPageImages-1) strAddItems +=3D document.images[i].name; else strAddItems +=3D document.images[i].name + ","; } } if(document.frmSearchBrowseResults.afi) document.frmSearchBrowseResults.afi.value =3D strAddItems; } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6B018.BB158050 Content-Type: application/octet-stream Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Location: http://biere.louisiana.edu:2070/bllimages/script/setFormFocus.js function SetFormFocus() { if(document.all) { if (document.all("ss") && document.all("bs")) { if(document.all("bs").type!=3D"hidden")=20 document.all("bs").focus(); else document.all("ss").focus(); } else if (document.all("bs")) { if(document.all("bs").type!=3D"hidden")=20 document.all("bs").focus(); } else if (document.all("ss")) { if(document.all("ss").type!=3D"hidden")=20 document.all("ss").focus(); =09 } else if(document.all("ss0")) document.all("ss0").focus(); else if(document.all("dl0")) document.all("dl0").focus(); else if(document.all("ea")) document.all("ea").focus(); =09 } else if(document.layers) { if (document.frmSearchBrowseResults)=20 { if (document.frmSearchBrowseResults.ss && = document.frmSearchBrowseResults.bs) { if(document.frmSearchBrowseResults.bs.type!=3D"hidden")=20 document.frmSearchBrowseResults.bs.focus(); else document.frmSearchBrowseResults.ss.focus(); } else if (document.frmSearchBrowseResults.bs) { if(document.frmSearchBrowseResults.bs.type!=3D"hidden")=20 document.frmSearchBrowseResults.bs.focus(); } else if (document.frmSearchBrowseResults.ss) { if(document.frmSearchBrowseResults.ss.type!=3D"hidden")=20 document.frmSearchBrowseResults.ss.focus(); } else if(document.frmSearchBrowseResults.ss0) document.frmSearchBrowseResults.ss0.focus(); else if(document.frmSearchBrowseResults.dl0) document.frmSearchBrowseResults.dl0.focus(); else if(document.frmSearchBrowseResults.ea) document.frmSearchBrowseResults.ea.focus(); } =09 } else if(document.getElementById) { if(document.getElementById("bs") && document.getElementById("ss")) { if(document.getElementById("bs").type!=3D"hidden") document.getElementById("bs").focus(); else document.getElementById("ss").focus(); } else if(document.getElementById("bs")) { if(document.getElementById("bs").type!=3D"hidden") document.getElementById("bs").focus(); } else if(document.getElementById("ss")) { if(document.getElementById("ss").type!=3D"hidden") document.getElementById("ss").focus(); } else if(document.getElementById.ss0) document.getElementById("ss0").focus(); else if(document.getElementById.dl0) document.getElementById("dl0").focus(); else if(document.getElementById.ea) document.getElementById("ea").focus(); } } ------=_NextPart_000_0000_01C6B018.BB158050--